Refractive Errors

The eye functions like an optical system that bends incoming light and focuses it on the retina to provide clear vision. In a normal eye, this focusing process is performed accurately. However, in some cases, light rays are focused either in front of or behind the retina, leading to refractive errors. Refractive errors are among the most common vision problems worldwide and can affect people of all ages. These conditions can be corrected using eyeglasses, contact lenses, or laser surgery.
 

Types of Refractive Errors

Myopia (Nearsightedness)

- Distant objects appear blurry, while close objects remain clear.

- The eye focuses incoming light in front of the retina.

- It is often hereditary.

- Prolonged screen use and inadequate lighting conditions may worsen myopia.

Hyperopia (Farsightedness)

- Close objects appear blurry, while distant objects remain clear.

- The eye focuses incoming light behind the retina.

- It becomes more noticeable with age and is sometimes confused with presbyopia.

Astigmatism

- Causes blurry or distorted vision at all distances.

- Occurs due to an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens.

- Leads to improper light refraction, preventing sharp image formation.

- Often occurs in combination with myopia or hyperopia.

Presbyopia (Age-Related Near Vision Loss)

- Affects individuals over the age of 40.

- The eye lens loses its flexibility over time, making it harder to focus on close objects.

- Can cause eye strain during reading or close-up tasks.

- Can be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses.
 

Symptoms of Refractive Errors

Refractive errors may go unnoticed or worsen over time. Common symptoms include:

- Blurred or double vision

- Eye strain and headaches

- Glare sensitivity while reading or looking at screens

- The need to squint to see clearly

- Watery eyes and a burning sensation
 

Treatment Methods for Refractive Errors

Vision problems can be corrected using different methods depending on individual needs:

Eyeglasses

- The most common and easily applied correction method.

- Prescription lenses are selected through an eye examination.

- Used to correct myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.

Contact Lenses

- A good alternative for those who do not prefer eyeglasses.

- Available in hard, soft, and toric lens options.

- Special toric lenses can be used for astigmatism.

Laser Eye Surgery (LASIK, PRK, SMILE)

• Laser eye surgery permanently corrects vision problems without the need for glasses or contact lenses.

• LASIK reshapes the cornea to fix refractive errors.

• Usually performed on patients over 18 whose prescription has stabilized.

Intraocular Lens Surgery

• Artificial intraocular lenses can be implanted in cases of high myopia or hyperopia.

• Often preferred for cataract patients or individuals unsuitable for laser surgery.

Refractive errors are common vision problems that must be corrected for clear eyesight. They can be treated with options such as eyeglasses, contact lenses, or laser surgery. With early diagnosis and the right treatment, you can maintain your vision and enhance your daily quality of life. Don't neglect your routine eye exams!